亨利四世：第二部分

空王冠目前一共出了两季，改编自莎士比亚的作品，五代君王的生死交融，描绘了大英帝国和法兰西帝国之间的恩怨情仇，演绎了中世纪大英帝国的辉煌与动荡，展现了封建社会向资本主义社会转型时期的社会变迁和人性的善恶！ 手无实权被迫退位惨遭迫害的理查二世，平定叛乱却疾病缠身的亨利四世，放荡不羁治国有方战胜法兰西的亨利五世，孱弱寡断患有精神疾病的亨利六世，身患残疾却残忍暴戾的理查三世，共同演绎了一场宏伟的史诗巨作！ 荣华富贵不过过眼云烟，血雨腥风无非利欲熏心！当你坐拥天下，俯瞰众生之时，所有的阿谀奉承不过是惺惺作态；当你卸下王冠，化身平民之时，残存的不离不弃才更加难能可贵！

最hooked的部分反倒是Prince Hal 和 Jack Falstaff这条线。 一众旧友的结局在上部中都已经暗示和交代: "...banish Peto, banish Bardolph, banish Poins. But for sweet Jack Falstaff...Banish not him thy Harry's company...Banish plump Jack, and banish all the world." Falstaff走心的恳求只换来Hal一句冰冷的 “I do, I will.”

接着，二人相顾无言，却又心绪万千。

彼时虽然身在戏中，但两人细腻微妙且温情的眼神交流明显都充满各自的真实情感。与此类似的情节还有多处，比如，面对Falstaff冒领军功，Hal与Falstaff再次对视，而后Hal低首思索，会心一笑，最终选择替其掩护；澡堂戏中，Hal对Poins的质问和凝视；结尾Hal驱逐众人时的坚定又略带柔情的眼神...

有人认为Falstaff这一角色意义不大，我以为不然。看上部时会觉得Hal的转变不够自然，缺乏铺垫。但总体观之，这几场眼神戏似乎正是Hal的内心成长的写照——虽然开头的独白表明Hal的一切嬉闹皆是有意为之，但可以肯定的是，对旧日情谊的割舍很难在朝夕之间完成。所以，这几场眼神戏或许都在展示Hal在此过程中的内心变化和对待旧友的复杂心理: 或不舍，或失望，或纠结。

但随着剧情的推进，家国危难之际，save the day的重担, 逐渐使Hal明白: 他离crown越近，离Falstaff一众便越远。所以结尾时，Hal坚定地与旧友划清界限，从而走完了"the journey from adolescence to maturity, from innocence to wisdom, from recklessness to responsibility." (Hiddleston, Interview)

“我老了，我老了。”福斯塔夫念叨叨地说。这真是我见过的最悲伤的福斯塔夫了。上一集他还穿着套都套不进去的小夹克，左扭右扭地演王子，叫人见了就喷饭。可是故事过去，老家伙的眼中总是滑过去一丝悲伤，为什么悲伤，又叫人怎么笑呢。

“老了。”老王在宝座里陷下去，像一件破斗篷。力量、谋略和野心，在年老面前全都变成灰尘。这个国王出场时毫不起眼，还叫人以为是路人，可是眼里光芒一闪，就让人知道这是头狼。狼已经老了。他无力率军打仗，骑马摇摇晃晃，当着众臣呕吐，对自己的儿子恨铁不成钢。只有在儿子身边，他才会显出真正的软弱。他已经老了，可是未来还这么凶猛，他很悲伤。

年轻的王子意气风发，在伦敦的陋巷里厮混。两位父亲的血液在他身上流淌。福斯塔夫挡不住年老，只好放手任荣誉东流去。亨利四世挡不住年老，只好亲手给儿子带上王冠。这个年轻的亨利五世又能有什么，只能独自面对年老，面对宫廷空荡荡的阴影和一点点吞噬他的疲惫，戴着这么重的王冠，和这么深的孤独。

说好的亨利四世，其实是在讲亨利五世的成长

但要是给我全程看抖森也就算了，偏偏百分之八十的篇幅给我讲内个 fat fuck Falstaff

来来去去就是嫖贪吃喝战场逃跑，烦不烦

原本以为是莎士比亚为了剧场收益强加的喜剧戏，还真的是！

Set in bars, castles, and battlefields, Shakespeare’s Henry IV is presents a peculiar version of chivalry. Upon first inspection, this play reads as a boy’s tale of mischief, kingly growth, and knightly success. Shakespeare, however, proves too elusive a dramatist to offer so simple a play. Although a history, Shakespeare also has saturated the work with qualities of another genre: the Comedy. In this play, readers see the comedic in both plot and character. In regard to plot, Shakespeare employs a block comedic in both senses of the word on a very strange case of unrequited love: King Henry’s affection for Hotspur. Fittingly, Shakespeare also removes that block—which makes the play comedic, not tragic—in an equally unconventional way. In Hal’s slaying of Hotspur, Hal replaces King Henry’s desire as Hal emerges as a deserving successor. Numerous comedic foils and aids interact with this block; however, one character in particular, Falstaff, is bound exceptionally tightly to this play’s comedic tone. The unofficial jester of King Henry’s court, Falstaff serves as this play’s emblem of comedy. Falstaff not only offers a comedic disposition but also drives the play’s larger comedic plot by aiding in Hal’s development as a successor. Henry IV, although a history, is irrevocably tied to the comedic both in jest and in structure. 摘自 Michael Miller 论文

嘿！我怎么不觉得高兴？？？我宁愿看一家子要死要活哭哭唧唧两小时哦！

虽说是强加，Falstaff 居然是有原型的。原型叫 John Oldcastle，是个骑士：

Oldcastle is first mentioned in two separate documents in 1400, first as a plaintiff in a suit regarding the advowson of Almeley church, and again as serving as a knight under Lord Grey of Codnor in a military expedition to Scotland.[1] In the next few years Oldcastle held notable positions in the Welsh campaigns of King Henry IV of England against Owain Glyndŵr, including captaincy first over Builth Castle in Brecknockshire and then over Kidwelly.[2]

Oldcastle represented Herefordshire as a "knight of the shire" in the parliament of 1404, later serving as a justice of the peace, and was High Sheriff of Herefordshire in 1406–07.[2] 摘自维基百科

人家也的的确确是亨利五世登基前的朋友，还跟着他去法兰西打过勃艮第人：

At some point in his military career Oldcastle became a trusted supporter of Henry, Prince of Wales, later to become King Henry V, who regarded Sir John as "one of his most trustworthy soldiers".[4] Oldcastle was a member of the expedition which the young Henry sent to France in 1411 in a successful campaign to assist the Burgundians in the Armagnac-Burgundian Civil War.[4] 摘自维基百科

后来 Oldcastle 怎么倒台的呢，没说他吃喝嫖赌，是因为信了异端罗拉德派（Lollardy）。

罗拉德派使用英译圣经[2]，认为圣经至上[3]。在圣餐的问题上，主张圣体共在论，反对圣餐变体论。[4][5] 他们认为要得到救赎，洗礼和告解都不是必须的。认为祷告、斋戒都没有任何圣经上的依据。反对偶像崇拜與教皇的赦免[2]。约翰·佛克塞将罗拉德派的信仰总结为四条：反聖徒崇拜、反朝圣、反圣餐变体论、要求使用英文圣经。摘自维基百科

这他妈为什么这么眼熟这不是新教吗？怎么说，就是宗教改革前兆，天主教眼中的异端，晚来一百年没准就被亨利八世扶正了。历史上的罗拉德派也是后来宗教改革期间清教徒的来源之一：

Lollards were effectively absorbed into Protestantism during the English Reformation, in which Lollardy played a role. Since Lollards had been underground for more than a hundred years, the extent of Lollardy and its ideas at the time of the Reformation is uncertain and a point of debate. 摘自维基百科

可惜 Oldcastle 信得太早，当时异端可是要被火烧死的哦：

Lollardy had many supporters in Herefordshire, and Oldcastle himself had adopted Lollard doctrines before 1410, when the churches on his wife's estates in Kent were laid under interdict for unlicensed preaching. In the convocation which met in March 1413, shortly before the death of Henry IV, Oldcastle was at once accused of heresy. 摘自维基百科

被指控作异端还没被抓，全靠他跟亨利五世关系铁。直到他的异端语录被发现——可铁证如山了五世还想着保他，足见真情。谁知他不识好歹说宁愿把财产全部上缴都不愿意放弃异端信仰：

But his friendship with the new King Henry V prevented any decisive action until convincing evidence was found in one of Oldcastle's books, which was discovered in a shop in Paternoster Row, London. The matter was brought before the King, who desired that nothing should be done until he had tried his personal influence. Oldcastle declared his readiness to submit to the king "all his fortune in this world" but was firm in his religious beliefs. 摘自维基百科

这么刚烈的事剧里的 Falstaff 可做不出来。不仅如此，被关进伦敦塔大牢的他还越狱了，历史上的他必须身手不凡，至少不是死胖子。越狱后起义，并尝试绑架他的好基友亨利五世（？？？五世对你这么好你这样子良心过得去吗？？？），终于被斩。

John Oldcastle, a close friend of Henry V of England and the basis for Falstaff in the Shakespearean history Henry IV, Part 1, was brought to trial in 1413 after evidence of his Lollard beliefs was uncovered. Oldcastle escaped from the Tower of London and organized an insurrection, which included an attempted kidnapping of the king. The rebellion failed, and Oldcastle was executed. 摘自维基百科

莎士比亚原来用的就是他的真名，后来被 Oldcastle 的7或8或9世孙 Cobham 十世男爵强烈反对而改名。

Shakespeare originally named Falstaff "John Oldcastle". Lord Cobham, a descendant of the historical John Oldcastle, complained, forcing Shakespeare to change the name. 摘自维基百科

是 Oldcastle 的后代为什么姓氏却不一样呢？原来 Oldcastle 虽然出身不明，但娶了三世 Cobham 男爵的女儿白富美，走上了人生巅峰。连后来进朝廷都是冠妻姓：

In 1408 he married Joan, the heiress of Cobham — his third marriage, and her fourth.[2] This resulted in a significant improvement of his fortune and status, as the Cobhams were "one of the most notable families of Kent".[3] The marriage brought Oldcastle a number of manors in Kent, Norfolk, Northamptonshire and Wiltshire, as well as Cooling Castle, and from 1409 until his accusation in 1413 he was summoned to parliament as Lord Cobham.[3] 摘自维基百科

好了，那 Falstaff 这个名字哪来的呢：

The new name "Falstaff" probably derived from the medieval knight Sir John Fastolf (who may also have been a Lollard). The historical John Fastolf fought at the Battle of Patay against Joan of Arc, which the English lost. Fastolf's previous actions as a soldier had earned him wide respect, but he seems to have become a scapegoat after the debacle. He was among the few English military leaders to avoid death or capture during the battle, and although there is no evidence that he acted with cowardice, he was temporarily stripped of his knighthood. 摘自维基百科

Falstaff 还在法国跟圣女贞德打过仗。早年英勇善战，后来战场落跑，被夺去其实头衔。跟 Oldcastle 唯一的相似点是，Falstaff 貌似也是个异教徒。于是 Falstaff 的名号，Oldcastle 跟亨利五世的友谊，以及Falstaff 的逃跑事迹就被两百年后的莎翁拿去写剧本了。

瞎几把总结：莎士比亚为票房不择手段，挂羊头卖狗肉，抹黑骁勇善战的宗教改革先驱，在剧本中强加尬笑喜剧戏。

And that's how I wasted my Saturday afternoon on wikipedia.